A topic in Clinical Evidence summarizes the results of 2 RCTs with a total of 779 people comparing transurethral resection (TURP) with watchful waiting. In the first RCT, TURP significantly improved symptom scores. At 5 years, the treatment failure rate was 10% with TURP compared with 21% with watchful waiting, and 36% of men assigned to watchful waiting had crossed over to surgery. In the second RCT, TURP significantly improved IPSS scores (difference 10.4 points, 95% CI 8.5 to 12.3).