A Cochrane review included 17 studies with a total of 1 094 subjects. Cyclosporine use increased blood pressure; the overall magnitude was 7.4 mmHg with a range from 2.5 to 16.4 mmHg. There appeared to be a dose-related effect with lower doses (1-4 mg/kg/d) increasing mean BP by an average of 5.0 mmHg (95% CI 2.8 to 7.2 mmHg) and higher doses (>10 mg/kg/d) increasing mean BP by 11.4 mmHg on average (95% CI 7.2 to 15.6 mmHg). Furthermore in 3 trials the effect appeared to be similar after a single dose as with chronic therapy.